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خمج ذاتى - traducción al Inglés
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![distributed very unevenly]] among their hosts, most hosts having no parasites, and a few hosts harbouring most of the parasite population. This distribution makes sampling difficult and requires careful use of statistics.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Aggregated distribution of parasites on hosts.svg?width=200 "distributed very unevenly]] among their hosts, most hosts having no parasites, and a few hosts harbouring most of the parasite population. This distribution makes sampling difficult and requires careful use of statistics.")
![[[Mosquito]]es<!-- such as ''[[Anopheles minimus]]''--> are micropredators, and important vectors of disease](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Anopheles minimus.jpg?width=200 "[[Mosquito]]es<!-- such as ''[[Anopheles minimus]]''--> are micropredators, and important vectors of disease")
![The honey fungus, ''[[Armillaria mellea]]'', is a parasite of trees, and a [[saprophyte]] feeding on the trees it has killed.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Armillaria mellea, Honey Fungus, UK 1.jpg?width=200 "The honey fungus, ''[[Armillaria mellea]]'', is a parasite of trees, and a [[saprophyte]] feeding on the trees it has killed.")
![Trait loss: bedbug ''[[Cimex lectularius]]'' is flightless, like many insect ectoparasites.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Bed bug, Cimex lectularius.jpg?width=200 "Trait loss: bedbug ''[[Cimex lectularius]]'' is flightless, like many insect ectoparasites.")
![''[[Borrelia burgdorferi]]'', the bacterium that causes [[Lyme disease]], is transmitted by ''[[Ixodes]]'' ticks.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Borrelia burgdorferi-cropped.jpg?width=200 "''[[Borrelia burgdorferi]]'', the bacterium that causes [[Lyme disease]], is transmitted by ''[[Ixodes]]'' ticks.")
![''[[Clonorchis sinensis]]'', the Chinese liver fluke, is trophically transmitted](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Clonorchis sinensis 2.png?width=200 "''[[Clonorchis sinensis]]'', the Chinese liver fluke, is trophically transmitted")
![The rescuing from extinction of the [[California condor]] was a successful if very expensive project, but its [[ectoparasite]], the [[louse]] ''[[Colpocephalum californici]]'', was made extinct.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Condor in flight.JPG?width=200 "The rescuing from extinction of the [[California condor]] was a successful if very expensive project, but its [[ectoparasite]], the [[louse]] ''[[Colpocephalum californici]]'', was made extinct.")
![''[[Cuscuta]]'' (a dodder), a stem [[holoparasite]], on an [[acacia]] tree](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Cuscuta parasite plant.JPG?width=200 "''[[Cuscuta]]'' (a dodder), a stem [[holoparasite]], on an [[acacia]] tree")
![Life cycle]] of ''[[Entamoeba histolytica]]'', an anaerobic parasitic protozoan transmitted by the [[fecal–oral route]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Entamoeba histolytica life cycle-en.svg?width=200 "Life cycle]] of ''[[Entamoeba histolytica]]'', an anaerobic parasitic protozoan transmitted by the [[fecal–oral route]]")
![A plate from [[Francesco Redi]]'s ''Osservazioni intorno agli animali viventi che si trovano negli animali viventi'' (Observations on living animals found inside living animals), 1684](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Francesco Redi Osservazioni intorno agli animali viventi che si trovano negli animali viventi Plate 14.jpg?width=200 "A plate from [[Francesco Redi]]'s ''Osservazioni intorno agli animali viventi che si trovano negli animali viventi'' (Observations on living animals found inside living animals), 1684")
![[[Leaf spot]] on [[oak]]. The spread of the parasitic fungus is limited by defensive chemicals produced by the tree, resulting in circular patches of damaged tissue.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Leaf Spot on Oak in Gunnersbury Triangle.jpg?width=200 "[[Leaf spot]] on [[oak]]. The spread of the parasitic fungus is limited by defensive chemicals produced by the tree, resulting in circular patches of damaged tissue.")
![obligate]] [[ectoparasite]]s](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Male human head louse.jpg?width=200 "obligate]] [[ectoparasite]]s")
![lice]], which were similar in the two families. Cospeciation did occur, but it led to flamingos and [[grebe]]s, with a later [[host switch]] of flamingo lice to ducks.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Pink Flamingos with Duck - Camargue, France - April 2007 (cropped).jpg?width=200 "lice]], which were similar in the two families. Cospeciation did occur, but it led to flamingos and [[grebe]]s, with a later [[host switch]] of flamingo lice to ducks.")
![[[Ronald Ross]] won the 1902 [[Nobel Prize]] for showing that the [[malaria parasite]] is transmitted by mosquitoes. This 1897 notebook page records his first observations of the parasite in mosquitoes.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Ross, 20.Aug.1897.jpg?width=200 "[[Ronald Ross]] won the 1902 [[Nobel Prize]] for showing that the [[malaria parasite]] is transmitted by mosquitoes. This 1897 notebook page records his first observations of the parasite in mosquitoes.")
![its crab host]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Sacculina carcini.jpg?width=200 "its crab host]]")
![The dry [[skin]] of vertebrates such as the [[short-horned lizard]] prevents the entry of many parasites.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Short Horned Lizard (4457945238).jpg?width=200 "The dry [[skin]] of vertebrates such as the [[short-horned lizard]] prevents the entry of many parasites.")
![crinoletta]] [[bustle]] to a parasitic insect's [[exoskeleton]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/THE CRINOLETTA DISFIGURANS AnOldParasite in aNewForm.png?width=200 "crinoletta]] [[bustle]] to a parasitic insect's [[exoskeleton]]")
![host]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Taenia solium tapeworm scolex with its four suckers and two rows of hooks 5262 lores.jpg?width=200 "host]]")
![[[Enterobacteria phage T4]] is a [[bacteriophage]] virus. It infects its host, ''[[Escherichia coli]]'', by injecting its DNA through its tail, which attaches to the bacterium's surface.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Tevenphage.svg?width=200 "[[Enterobacteria phage T4]] is a [[bacteriophage]] virus. It infects its host, ''[[Escherichia coli]]'', by injecting its DNA through its tail, which attaches to the bacterium's surface.")
![inducing behavioral changes]] in rats through infection of neurons in their [[central nervous system]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Toxoplasma gondii (2).jpg?width=200 "inducing behavioral changes]] in rats through infection of neurons in their [[central nervous system]].")
![vector-transmitted]] protozoan endoparasite ''[[Trypanosoma]]'' among human [[red blood cell]]s](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Trypanosoma sp. PHIL 613 lores.jpg?width=200 "vector-transmitted]] protozoan endoparasite ''[[Trypanosoma]]'' among human [[red blood cell]]s")
![Restoration of a ''[[Tyrannosaurus]]'' with holes possibly caused by a ''[[Trichomonas]]''-like parasite](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Tyrannosaurus with infection.jpg?width=200 "Restoration of a ''[[Tyrannosaurus]]'' with holes possibly caused by a ''[[Trichomonas]]''-like parasite")
![''[[Wolbachia]]'' bacteria within an insect cell](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Wolbachia.png?width=200 "''[[Wolbachia]]'' bacteria within an insect cell")
![[[Idiobiont]] [[parasitoid wasp]]s immediately paralyse their hosts for their larvae ([[Pimplinae]], pictured) to eat.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Live Tetragnatha montana (RMNH.ARA.14127) parasitized by Acrodactyla quadrisculpta larva (RMNH.INS.593867) - BDJ.1.e992.jpg ?width=200 "[[Idiobiont]] [[parasitoid wasp]]s immediately paralyse their hosts for their larvae ([[Pimplinae]], pictured) to eat.")
![lay their eggs]] inside their hosts, which continue to grow and moult.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/CSIRO ScienceImage 2357 Spotted alfalfa aphid being attacked by parasitic wasp.jpg?width=200 "lay their eggs]] inside their hosts, which continue to grow and moult.")
![altering its behaviour]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Female Apocephalus borealis ovipositing into the abdomen of a worker honey bee.png?width=200 "altering its behaviour]].")
![pteromalid]] wasp on the cocoons of its host, itself a parasitoid [[braconid wasp]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Pteromalid hyperparasitoid.jpg?width=200 "pteromalid]] wasp on the cocoons of its host, itself a parasitoid [[braconid wasp]]")
![ant mimic]] and social parasite.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Maculinea arion Large Blue Upperside SFrance 2009-07-18.jpg?width=200 "ant mimic]] and social parasite.")
![brood parasitism]], the host raises the young of another species, here a [[cowbird]]'s egg, that has been laid in its nest.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Eastern Phoebe-nest-Brown-headed-Cowbird-egg.jpg?width=200 "brood parasitism]], the host raises the young of another species, here a [[cowbird]]'s egg, that has been laid in its nest.")
![The [[great skua]] is a powerful [[kleptoparasite]], relentlessly pursuing other seabirds until they disgorge their catches of food.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Great Skua (cropped).jpg?width=200 "The [[great skua]] is a powerful [[kleptoparasite]], relentlessly pursuing other seabirds until they disgorge their catches of food.")
![The male [[anglerfish]] ''[[Ceratias holboelli]]'' lives as a tiny [[sexual parasite]] permanently attached below the female's body.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Северная церапия (cropped).jpg?width=200 "The male [[anglerfish]] ''[[Ceratias holboelli]]'' lives as a tiny [[sexual parasite]] permanently attached below the female's body.")
![''[[Encarsia perplexa]]'' (centre), a parasitoid of [[citrus blackfly]] (lower left), is also an adelphoparasite, laying eggs in larvae of its own species](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Encarsia perplexa.jpg?width=200 "''[[Encarsia perplexa]]'' (centre), a parasitoid of [[citrus blackfly]] (lower left), is also an adelphoparasite, laying eggs in larvae of its own species")
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SPECIES, WHERE ONE ORGANISM, THE PARASITE, LIVES ON OR IN ANOTHER ORGANISM, THE HOST, CAUSING IT SOME HARM, AND IS ADAPTED STRUCTURALLY TO THIS WAY OF LIFE
Parasitic; Parsitism; Parasitise; Parasites; Parasitic disorder; Parasytes; Social parasitism (biology); Endoparasite; Ectoparasite; Endoparasites; Macroparasite; Microparasites; Microparasite; Macroparasites; Macro-parasites; Macro-parasite; Nectotrophic; Biotroph; Macro parasite; Ectoparasitic infestations; Parasitizing; Parasitize; Epiparasites; Epiparasite; Parasitic embryo; Parasitically; Parasitic embryos; Autoinfection; Parasite; Autoinfect; Parasitic organisms; Ectoparasites; Parastitism; Parasit; Parasite ecology; Parasitic nutrition; Endoparasitism; Ectoparasitic; Parasitization; Parasitized; Parasitic infections; Epizoon; Co-speciation; Parasitic animal; Micropredator; Mesoparasite; Adelpho-parasitism; Intercellular parasites; Parasite-host assemblage; Multi-parasite host; Multi-host parasite; Internal autoinfection; External autoinfection; Ectoparasitism; Adelphoparasitism; Endoparasitic; Trophically transmitted parasite; Quantitative parasitology; Micropredation; Host cue; Host cues; Semiparasite; Partial parasite; Obligate biotroph; Obligate biotrophy; Biotrophy; Parasitised
خمج ذاتى
